1. John T. Correll, “The New American Way of War,” Air Force Magazine 79, no. 4 (April l996): 20–23; and Gen Ronald R. Fogleman, “Advantage USA: Air Power and Asymmetric Force Strategy,” Air Power History 43, no. 2 (Summer 1996): 4–13.

2. Dan Van der Vat, The Atlantic Campaign: World War II’s Great Struggle at Sea (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1988), 270; and Samuel Eliot Morison, The Two-Ocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1963), 133.

3. Alwyn T. Lloyd, Liberator: America’s Global Bomber (Missoula, Mont.: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1993), v.

4. John R. Brinkerhoff, “The Strategic Implications of Industrial Preparedness,” Parameters 24, no. 2 (Summer 1994): 38–47.

5. Charles W. Corddry, “Air Power Must Be First in Future, Study Says,” Baltimore Sun, 23 June 1993, 9.

6. Correll, 20–23.

7. Air Vice Marshal R. A. Mason, Air Power: A Centennial Appraisal (London: Brassey’s Publishers, 1994), 64.

8. Lt Col Dennis M. Drew, “Military Art and the American Tradition: The Vietnam Paradox Revisited,” Research Report no. AU-ARI-CP-85-2 (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education [CADRE], Air University Press, 1985), 6; and idem, “Rolling Thunder 1965: Anatomy of a Failure,” Research Report no. AU-ARI-CP-86-3 (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: CADRE, Air University Press, 1986).

9. Eliot A. Cohen, “The Mystique of U.S. Air Power,” Foreign Affairs 73 (January/February 1994): 109–24.

10. Ibid.

11. Col John A. Warden III, USAF, “Employing Air Power in the Twenty-first Century,” in The Future of Air Power in the Aftermath of the Gulf War, ed. Richard H. Shultz Jr. and Robert L. Pfaltzgraff Jr. (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1992), 79. Colonel Warden originated the concept of “a war of a thousand cuts.”

12. Fogleman, 4–13.

13. Maj Alfred F. Hurley, Billy Mitchell: Crusader for Air Power (New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1964), 58.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid., 68.

16. Claire Lee Chennault, Way of a Fighter: The Memoirs of Claire Lee Chennault, ed. Robert Hotz (Tucson, Ariz.: James Thorvardson & Sons, 1991), 54.

17. Jack Samson, Chennault (New York: Doubleday, 1987), 23; and Martha Byrd, Chennault: Giving Wings to the Tiger (Tuscaloosa, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1987), 76.

18. Clay Blair, Hitler’s U-Boat War (New York: Random House, 1996), 418. Blair points out that German admiral Doenitz wanted land-based planes, but they were too little and too late. See page 423.

19. Van der Vat, 309.

20. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 4, The Hinge of Fate (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950), 125.

21. Ibid., 130.

22. Ibid.

23. David Syrett, The Defeat of the German U-Boats (Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1994), 15.

24. E. B. Potter and Chester W. Nimitz, eds., Sea Power: A Naval History (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1960), 545; and Adm Karl Doenitz, Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days (New York: World Publishing Company, 1958), 19–20. Doenitz notes that U-boats practiced wolf-pack tactics as early as 1935.

25. Syrett, 126.

26. Ibid., 127.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid., 126–33.

29. Hilary St. George Saunders and Denis Richards, Royal Air Force, 1939–1945, vol. 3, Hilary St. George Saunders, The Fight Is Won (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1954), 44.

30. Doenitz, 340.

31. Ibid., 341.

32. Syrett, 133.

33. Potter and Nimitz, 560.

34. Maxwell Schoenfeld, Stalking the U-boat: USAAF Offensive Antisubmarine Operations in World War II (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995), 19.

35. Ibid., 62.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid., 83.

38. Ibid., 95. 39. Ibid., 106.

40. Churchill, vol. 5, Closing the Ring, 13.

41. The United States Strategic Bombing Survey, no. 71, The Fifth Air Force in the War against Japan (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1947), 60.

42. Ibid., 60–61.

43. Lex McAulay, Battle of the Bismarck Sea (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), 136; and Ronald H. Spector, Eagle against the Sun: The American War with Japan (New York: Free Press, 1984), 228.

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44. Spector, 228.

45. Chennault, 200.

46. The Fifth Air Force, 63.

47. US Strategic Bombing Survey, no. 73, The Campaigns of the Pacific War, 381.

48. Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, eds., The Army Air Forces in World War II, vol. 5, The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki, June 1944 to August 1945 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), 500.

49. Campaigns of the Pacific War, 382.

50. US Strategic Bombing Survey, no. 78, The Offensive Mine Laying Campaign against Japan, 10.

51. Ibid., 11.

52. Craven and Cate, vol. 5, 109.

53. Offensive Mine Laying Campaign, 13.

54. Ibid., 14; and Kenneth P. Werrell, Blankets of Fire: U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996), 231.

55. Werrell, 232.

56. The Offensive Mine Laying Campaign, 16.

57. Werrell, 232.

58. Richard P. Hallion, “Precision Guided Munitions and the New Era of Warfare," Air Power History 43, no. 3 (Fall 1996): 5–21. See also, Syohgo Hattori, “Kamikaze: Japan’s Glorious Failure,” Air Power History 43, no. 1 (Spring 1996): 14–27.

59. Hattori, 17–18.

60. John F. Guilmartin Jr., A Very Short War: The Mayaguez and the Battle of Koh Tang (College Station, Tex.: Texas A&M University Press, 1995), 26.

61. David R. Mets, Land-Based Air Power in Third World Crises (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1986), 49.

62. Ibid., 55.

63. Ibid.

64. Guilmartin, 5.

65. US Air Force Manual 1-1, Basic Aerospace Doctrine of the United States Air Force, 16 March 1984, 3-5.

66. Donald D. Chipman, “Rethinking Forward Strategy and the Distant Blockade,” Armed Forces Journal 125 (August 1987): 82–88.

67. Norman Polmar and Siegfried Breyer, Guide to the Soviet Navy (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1983), 3.

68. David Miller and Chris Miller, Modern Naval Combat (New York: Crescent Books, 1986), 197.

69. Jeffrey Ethell and Alfred Price, Air War: South Atlantic (New York : Macmillan Publishing Company, 1983), 79.

70. Ibid., 140.

71. Christopher Dobson, John Miller, and Ronald Payne, The Falklands Conflict (New York: Coronet Books, 1982), 183–85.

72. Lt Comdr Jeffry L. Huber, “The Falklands Air War: Lessons Revisited,” U.S. Department of Defense Technical Information Center Report (Alexandria, Va.: US Department of Defense, 1995), ii.

73. Soviet navy admiral I. Kapitanets, “The Navy’s Role in the Anglo-Argentine Conflict,” Morskoy Sbornik, trans. Naval Intelligence Support Center, July 1983, 9–20.

74. Donald D. Chipman and David Lay, “Sea Power and the B-52 Stratofortess,” Air University Review 37 (January–February 1986): 45–50.

75. Ibid.

76. USAF majors Rick Carroll, Keith Cottrill, Larry Rexford, and Lt Comdr Jeff McKenzie, USN, “Maritime Operations: A Joint Perspective” (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air Command and Staff College, June 1994), 1–46; and Chipman and Lay, 45–50.

77. John Downing, “China’s Evolving Maritime Strategy, Part 1: Restructuring Begins,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 8, no. 3 (March 1996): 129–33; and idem, “China’s Evolving Maritime Strategy, Part 2: The Future,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 8, no. 4 (April 1996): 186–91.

78. Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, “China I: The Coming Conflict with America,” Foreign Affairs 76 (March/April 1997): 18–32.

79. Barbara Opall, “China Mulls Production of Carrier-Based Su-27,” Defense News, 18–24 November 1996, 1.

80. Department of the Air Force, Global Engagement: A Vision for the 21st Century Air Force (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1997).

For good or for ill, air mastery is today the supreme expression of military power, and fleets and armies, however vital and important, must accept subordinate rank. —Sir Winston S. Churchill

Contributor

Donald D. Chipman (BA, California State University, Chico; MS and PhD, Florida State University) is the educational advisor to the commandant, Squadron Officer School, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, and a retired commander in the US Naval Reserve. Dr. Chipman is coauthor of two books on the philosphy of education and has published articles in several academic and military journals, including Air University Review.

Disclaimer

The conclusions and opinions expressed in this document are those of the author cultivated in the freedom of expression, academic environment of Air University. They do not reflect the official position of the U.S. Government, Department of Defense, the United States Air Force or the Air University.